Background: Natural products, such as propolis, are an important source of biologically active compounds with the potential to treat health disorders. Propolis is a well-known waxy resin recognized for its antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic effects. Objective: In this study, we aimed to clarify the formation mechanism of propolis nanoparticles from the perspective of their stability and chemical composition. By evaluating the light absorption behaviour of the nanoparticles formed in different media and quantifying the polyphenols, we show that they are superficially hydrophobic nanoparticles with the capacity to encapsulate some polar compounds. Methods: Biological activity was evaluated by in vitro cell viability performed on NIH/3T3 fibroblasts incubated with 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL of propolis nanoparticles for 48 hours. Results: The results show that nanoparticles are cytocompatible, with a proliferation effect. In contrast, the results of the viability of metastatic murine B16F10 cells indicate that a dose with a concentration of 5 μg/mL in the cell culture media is sufficient to stop the abnormal cell growth, having an antitumor effect. This effect might be related to the flavonoids present in the propolis nanoparticles. In vivo dermal irritability tests on New Zealand rabbits show that propolis nanoparticles' aqueous dissolution was non-irritant. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this study, reducing the size of raw propolis down to nanoparticles and dispersing them in water solvents enhance its positive effects. The superficially hydrophobic propolis nanoparticles encapsulate active compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which also confirms their ability to generate selective effects on the cells, depending on their nature.
In this study, silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using phenolic compound-rich extracts from agro-industrial by-products of blueberries and asparagus. The NPs exhibited average sizes of 3.07 ± 2.38 nm (Ag), 70.42 ± 18 nm (ZnO), and 104.38 ± 11.7 nm (SiO₂) with high colloidal stability (Z potentials: −35.63 mV for Ag, −33.9 mV for ZnO, and −10 mV for SiO₂). Bioplastics functionalized with these NPs showed improved properties: increased rigidity (Young's modulus up to 2690 MPa in B–SiO₂), reduced water absorption (160.64 g/100 g dry matter in B–Ag), high transparency (87.87 % in B-Control, 87.83 % in B–ZnO), and lower wettability (contact angle of 102.4° in B–ZnO). Thermal stability also improved, with B–SiO₂ exhibiting the lowest mass loss (31.12 %) in TGA. Bioplastics with Ag demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, maintaining low mold and yeast counts (<10 CFU/g). Biodegradation was faster in soil than in marine environments, with NPs modulating rates. As primary and secondary packaging for blueberries, Ag-functionalized bioplastics reduced mass loss and preserved firmness for up to 56 days at 4.3 °C, with no NP migration detected by XRF and FTIR. This research highlights a sustainable approach using agro-industrial by-products to develop functional bioplastics, aligning with circular economy principles and reducing environmental impact in the food packaging sector.
In this study, silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using phenolic compound-rich extracts from agro-industrial by-products of blueberries and asparagus. The NPs exhibited average sizes of 3.07 ± 2.38 nm (Ag), 70.42 ± 18 nm (ZnO), and 104.38 ± 11.7 nm (SiO₂) with high colloidal stability (Z potentials: −35.63 mV for Ag, −33.9 mV for ZnO, and −10 mV for SiO₂). Bioplastics functionalized with these NPs showed improved properties: increased rigidity (Young's modulus up to 2690 MPa in B–SiO₂), reduced water absorption (160.64 g/100 g dry matter in B–Ag), high transparency (87.87 % in B-Control, 87.83 % in B–ZnO), and lower wettability (contact angle of 102.4° in B–ZnO). Thermal stability also improved, with B–SiO₂ exhibiting the lowest mass loss (31.12 %) in TGA. Bioplastics with Ag demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, maintaining low mold and yeast counts (<10 CFU/g). Biodegradation was faster in soil than in marine environments, with NPs modulating rates. As primary and secondary packaging for blueberries, Ag-functionalized bioplastics reduced mass loss and preserved firmness for up to 56 days at 4.3 °C, with no NP migration detected by XRF and FTIR. This research highlights a sustainable approach using agro-industrial by-products to develop functional bioplastics, aligning with circular economy principles and reducing environmental impact in the food packaging sector.
The transition to a sustainable, carbon-free economy has led to a surge of interest in biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. However, their development is not without its share of technical and economic challenges. Nanomaterials offer a promising solution, with the potential to significantly enhance biofuel production efficiency. This chapter thoroughly examines the role of nanomaterials, particularly in supercritical reactor technology, for biofuel production. It explores a range of applications, from nanostructured catalysts to mesoporous polymer nanostructures and nanoporous membranes. Additionally, it delves into the technical and economic challenges of large-scale integration, including synthesis stability, environmental effects, safety, and costs. The chapter underscores the need for further research, emphasizing that it is through the collective efforts of the scientific community that we can understand the effects of nanomaterials on biofuel production processes and their overall sustainability impact. By tackling these challenges head-on, the aim is to guide future advancements in nanomaterials in biofuel production, thereby facilitating a successful transition toward a more sustainable and renewable energy-based economy.
Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrillar scaffolds loaded with ibuprofen (IBU) using electrospinning (ES) and air-jet spinning (AJS). The scaffolds were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release profiles, and biocompatibility to assess their potential for local analgesic applications. Methods: Solutions of 10% (w/v) PLA combined with IBU at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% were processed into nanofibrillar membranes using ES and AJS. The scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The drug release profile was assessed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and cell adhesion and viability were evaluated using fibroblast culture assays. Statistical analyses included qualitative analyses, t-tests, and Likelihood ratio tests. Results: SEM revealed randomly arranged nanofibers forming reticulated meshes, with more uniform dimensions observed in the AJS group. TGA and DSC analyses confirmed the thermodynamic stability of the scaffolds and enthalpy changes consistent with IBU incorporation, which FT-IR and UV-Vis validated. Drug release was sustained over 384 h, showing no significant differences between ES and AJS scaffolds (p > 0.05). Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays confirmed scaffold biocompatibility, with cellular responses proportional to drug concentration but within safe limits. Conclusions: PLA-IBU nanofibrillar scaffolds were successfully synthesized using ES and AJS. Both methods yielded biocompatible systems with stable properties and controlled drug release. Further, in vivo studies are necessary to confirm their clinical potential.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies are emerging as a pivotal solution for decarbonizing high- temperature industrial processes and enabling dispatchable renewable electricity. This review integrates over 200 peer-reviewed studies (2018–2025) to assess recent advancements in CSP, with emphasis on thermal energy storage (TES), nanomaterial-enhanced heat transfer fluids, hybridization with other energy vectors, and socio- environmental impacts. Findings reveal that nanofluids based on Ti₃C₂ and CuO enhance thermal conductivity by up to 85%, while nanoencapsulated PCMs improve energy density and cyclic stability. Hybrid CSP systems— integrating photovoltaics, geothermal, biomass, and hydrogen production—demonstrate improved exergy efficiencies, water–energy synergies, and CO₂ reductions of up to 90%. Life Cycle Assessments report GHG emissions below 50 g CO₂/kWh, with potential declines to 18 g CO₂/kWh by 2050. Socially, CSP projects contribute to employment, decentralized electrification, and energy sovereignty in off-grid Indigenous communities. However, challenges remain regarding water consumption, land transformation, material toxicity, and cultural sensitivity. The review concludes that the future of CSP lies in modular, hybrid multigeneration systems co-designed with local actors, supported by robust policy frameworks and environmental safeguards, positioning CSP as a cornerstone of the global sustainable energy transitio
The rise of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment and food systems alarms scientists, regulators, and the public. Effectively managing these pollutants requires an understanding of how different social groups perceive risks and engage with proposed solutions. Researching these perceptions is urgent in Costa Rica, which, despite its environmental leadership, lacks comprehensive regulations on MPs and NPs. This study presents findings from a national survey (n = 168) evaluating awareness, risk perception, behavioral intentions, trust in institutions, and support for regulatory measures regarding micro/nanoplastics. The survey targeted professionals in science, health, and engineering fields, representing a technically informed segment of the Costa Rican public. Accordingly, findings should be interpreted as technically informed public perception rather than general population opinion. Accordingly, findings reflect perceptions of a technically literate segment of the public and are not intended to be generalized to the national population. We explicitly call for probability-based, nationally representative surveys that prioritize rural, non-STEM, low-income, Indigenous, and coastal communities to validate and extend these patterns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and visualizations across 14 key questions. Findings show that 92.3 % of respondents were aware of MPs/NPs, and 88.7 % perceived them as a health risk. Regarding behavioral responses, 78.6 % expressed willingness to change personal consumption habits, while 76.2 % supported mandatory product labeling. Trust in governmental action was critically low, with only 3 % expressing confidence, 59.5 % expressing distrust, and 37.5 % expressing uncertainty. Moreover, 69 % had not noticed or were unsure about national initiatives on plastics governance. These percentages are non-overlapping indicators from different survey questions and therefore do not add to 1
The escalation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an existential threat to global public health, underscoring a pressing need for novel strategies that not only effectively combat microbial pathogens but also uphold the principles of environmental sustainability. In this context, the Research Topic “Sustainable Synthesis for Obtaining Elements of Natural Origin with Antimicrobial Properties” converges on the promise of biogenic, green, and bio-inspired materials that offer potent antimicrobial effects while minimizing ecological impact. The four contributions to this Research Topic embody a multidisciplinary approach encompassing materials science, nanotechnology, microbial ecology, environmental chemistry, and pharmaceutical formulation, thus illuminating the intersection of natural systems and engineered solutions.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a fabrication technology that offers significant advantages for the wind energy industry, particularly in the areas of product design, prototyping, and manufacturing. However, parts produced via FDM often exhibit a relatively rough surface finish due to the intrinsic layer-by-layer process. This study assessed chemical and mechanical treatments aimed at reducing the surface roughness of airfoils fabricated using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), one of the most widely used polymers in FDM. Surface roughness was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Two chemical treatments were evaluated: acetone immersion and acetone vapor exposure. SEM and profilometry revealed crack formation in samples treated by immersion, while vapor exposure resulted in a significantly smoother finish without cracks. Wind tunnel tests demonstrated a 27% increase in the aerodynamic lift-to-drag ratio for airfoils treated with acetone vapor, indicating an improved aerodynamic performance.
The increasing use of nanomaterial-based products, such as nanoliposome vaccines, has amplified the need for reliable endotoxin testing, particularly for intravenous applications. Conventional Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assays can be compromised by nanomaterials or formulation components that mask endotoxins, highlighting the need for alternative detection strategies. Here, we evaluated isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) for detecting endotoxins encapsulated in two types of nanoliposomes (NLPs) and assessed the influence of individual NLP components on LAL enzymatic activity and viscosity. NLPs were synthesized in the presence of endotoxins, dialyzed to remove non-bound endotoxins, and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to confirm endotoxin incorporation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to assess size, morphology, and aggregation behavior Endotoxins produce with C 16:0 and C18:1 lipids were found to integrate into NLPs, impeding enzymatic reactions in LAL assays, with loading varying according to NLP type. For ITC detection, NLPs were disrupted using 0.2 % Triton X in a 3:2 nanoliposome-to-detergent ratio followed by brief ultrasonication. Despite the additional time and energy required for ITC experiments, the ITC provides a sensitive alternative to LAL, decreasing reliance on horseshoe crab reagents, visual inspection, and chromophores, while remaining insensitive to turbidity and broadly applicable to both organic and inorganic nanomaterials.
Trichoderma is an antagonistic fungus used commercially; however, the viability of these formulations is affected by biotic and abiotic factors. In this research, microcapsules of sodium alginate reinforced with nanocellulose and/or chitosan were developed to encapsulate T. longibrachiatum conidia and characterized by SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The viability of the microencapsulated conidia was evaluated through different temperatures (room temperature, 5°C and 37°C), as well as their in vitro antagonistic potential against Fusarium oxysporum. The formulations evaluated had encapsulation efficiencies above 92% and the microcapsules with alginate, chitosan, and nanocellulose maintained 100% viability at 37°C for 2 months. In addition, all formulations evaluated retained antagonistic ability against F. oxysporum. These findings support the use of alginate, nanocellulose and chitosan for the formulation of microcapsules to maintain the viability of T. longibrachiatum conidia over time and at different temperature conditions.
Solid forms transformations and new crystal structures of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can occur due to various manufacturing process conditions, especially if the drug substance is formulated as a hydrate. The conversion between hydrate and anhydrate forms caused by changes in temperature and humidity must be evaluated because of the risk of dehydration and phase transitions during the manufacturing process. Differences in physicochemical, mechanical, and rheological properties have been observed between solid forms of the same API that can cause manufacturing and product-related issues. Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate (ACT) is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent that was discovered during Lipitor® (its anhydrous form) Phase 3 clinical trials after passing Phase I and II. This case highlights the importance of routinely performing solid form screenings because of the probability of finding new solid forms during the development and scale-up process. Therefore, in this contribution, ACT tablet formulation was performed and evaluated starting from the compatibility of 1:1 proportions of drug and the excipients microcrystalline cellulose 101 (MCC 101), calcium carbonate, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, and polysorbate 80. Then, 40 mg ACT tablets were prepared on a small pilot scale, and manufacturing process assessment was conducted by sampling process stages selected as critically prone to solid forms formation or phase transition. Final product quality was evaluated regarding weight variation, hardness, disintegration, dissolution, and assay tests. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to solid state evaluation. The starting raw material was confirmed to be ACT Form I. From the preformulation studies, PXRD, FT-IR and TGA analyses showed no interactions between ACT and
This book presents recent advancements in wound care systems using functionalized nanomaterials based hydrogels to prevent infection and promote wound healing. In clinical set-ups or hospitals, wound healing remains a challenging problem; a proper, efficient, and cost-effective wound management system is essential. Additionally, wounds infected with multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MAR) opportunistic pathogens cause prolonged patient debility, increasing healthcare costs. The chapters in this book comprehensively introduce functionalized nanocomposite hydrogels and their application to wound healing. It describes the synthesis, fabrication, and properties of hydrogel systems such as metal nanoparticles, ceramic nanofiber, and polymer-based nanomedicine, to function as a wound dressing to promote repair and prevent infection. This book will appeal to clinical practitioners, researchers, engineers, and scientists interested in biomaterials for applications primarily in wound care and recovery.
Spent coffee grounds constitute a waste product that has attracted potential interest as a rich source of secondary metabolites such as polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. In this work, aqueous extracts from samples of different spent coffee grounds from Costa Rica were prepared and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer (UPLC-QTOF-ESI MS). This allowed for the identification of twenty-one compounds, including fourteen phenolic acids, three caffeoylquinic lactones, and four atractyligenin diterpenes. In addition, using UPLC coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), we quantified the levels of caffeine (0.55–3.42 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and six caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids (0.47–5.34 mg/g DW). The highest value was found for the fine-grind sample (EXP), both for phenolic acids and for total polyphenols (9.59 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g DW), compared to 2.13 and 1.70 mg GAE/g DW for the medium-grind (GR) and coarse-grind samples (PCR), respectively. The results obtained from the antioxidant evaluations using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (IC50 0.0964–6.005 g DW/L), the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (PFRAP) analysis (0.0215–0.1385 mmol FeSO4/g DW), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assessment (45.7–309.7 μmol Trolox/g DW), and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay (3.94–23.47 mg Trolox/g DW) also showed the best values for the fine-grind sample, with results similar to or higher than those reported in the literature. Statistical Pearson correlation analysis (p < 0.05) indicated a high correlation (R ≥ 0.842) between all antioxidant analyses, the total polyphenols, and the phenolic acid quantification using UPLC-DAD. These results show the potential for further studies aiming to exploit this waste product’s bioactive properties, constituting the first detailed study of spent coffee gro
Nature has evolved sophisticated surface architectures to achieve non-wettability and self-cleaning performance under challenging environmental conditions. In this study, we elucidate the multiscale chemical and structural mechanisms underlying the exceptional water-repellent and anti-adhesive properties of the velvet worm Epiperipatus biolleyi. By integrating cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and contact angle measurements, we reveal a synergistic system composed of hierarchical micropapillae bearing overhanging tiptop scales and surrounded by nanowrinkles. We further show that the cuticle is biomineralized with calcium–magnesium carbonate phases beneath a waxy organic layer. This multiscale architecture yields water contact angles exceeding 130° and sustains a persistent, plastron-like gas layer upon immersion. The presence of overhanging scales with re-entrant curvature (ψ ≈ 34°), together with the surrounding nanowrinkles, inhibits wetting even under pressures higher than atmospheric pressure, as supported by COMSOL Multiphysics 2D simulations. The waxy layers that coat the micro- and nanostructures—composed primarily of long-chain fatty acid amides and fatty acids—further enhance the anti-adhesive behavior. This study also provides the first evidence in Onychophora of extensive cuticular biomineralization, where carbonate dissolution can locally liberate CO2, contributing to the formation and maintenance of a protective gas plastron around the microstructures. Together, these findings demonstrate that the integration of hierarchical micro- and nanostructures, a biomineralized cuticle, and a biochemical surface coating is essential to the unique anti-adhesive properties of E. biolleyi, underscoring its potential as a model for designing biomimetic, low-adhesio
La contaminación por microplásticos en la Antártida constituye no solo un desafío ambiental emergente, sino también un factor clave en las dinámicas geopolíticas globales. Este estudio analiza cómo la presencia de microplásticos en el continente antártico, lejos de ser un problema exclusivamente ecológico, incide en la cooperación y la competencia entre los países firmantes del Tratado Antártico. A partir de una revisión de literatura científica y política, se abordan las fuentes y la distribución de estos contaminantes en la región, sus implicaciones ambientales y su papel estratégico en la gobernanza internacional. El estudio revela que la Antártida se ha convertido en un punto focal para la proyección de poder blando (soft-power), con países como China y Estados Unidos aumentando su presencia científica en la región, en parte bajo el argumento de investigar la contaminación plástica. Además, el problema de los microplásticos está generando nuevas tensiones en la administración del Tratado Antártico, particularmente en lo relativo a la responsabilidad de mitigación y financiamiento de estudios científicos.
Introduction: Mangrove ecosystems host diverse biogeochemical pathways that enhance their resilience against a wide range of pollutants, from heavy metals to hormones. The unique combination of extreme physicochemical soil conditions and the anaerobic metabolism of mangrove microbiota creates favorable conditions for nanoscale processes.
Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) has attracted considerable attention because it enables detection of target molecules at very low concentrations. In most studies, sampling involves measuring only a few randomly selected sites, which can be insufficient for accurate characterization. Drop cast SERS systems are particularly vulnerable to this limitation because they often display coffee-ring-like analyte distributions. In this work, we used a drop cast SERS system exhibiting the coffee ring effect and measured a full spatial map of the dried droplet. This map served as a reference for evaluating three sampling strategies: random, spiral, and x-cross sampling. Among these, the x-cross method provided the most accurate results, with relative errors below 10%, while limited random sampling resulted in errors near 80%. These findings suggest that x-cross sampling offers a practical and reliable approach for analyzing SERS substrates with uneven radial distributions.
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become ubiquitous worldwide, posing complex challenges for marine organisms, ecosystems, and human health. In Costa Rica alone, approximately 4000 tons of solid waste are generated daily, of which about 11 % is plastic. Nearly 600 million single-use plastic bottles are produced yearly, with ∼90 % not being collected. Consequently, reports of MPs in beaches, crustaceans, fishes, and bivalves are increasing on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Evidence suggests these plastic fragments can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in organisms, affect fundamental physiological processes (e.g., feeding, reproduction), and may even cross the blood–brain barrier. Recent policies in Costa Rica, including Law N°9786 (single-use plastics) and a proposed ban on MPs in cosmetics (Bill No. 23,694), mark progress. However, enforcement challenges remain—particularly given the country’s limited wastewater treatment coverage. This review discusses key sources of MPs (e.g., wastewater, synthetic fibers, tire wear), current sampling and characterization protocols, and ecotoxicological consequences for marine life and humans. We further analyze existing legislation, highlighting gaps and prospective solutions, and propose an integrated approach involving technological upgrades, biodegradable polymers, and microbial degradation strategies to mitigate plastic pollution.
Natural nanostructures on the skin and wings of selected fauna have been reported to confer mechano-bactericidal activity without the use of chemical antibiotics. It would be desirable to manufacture similar structures on man-made surfaces for medical and domestic use. In this paper, we show that aluminum anodization and wet etching can generate scalable, low-cost, and periodic nanostructures with high tunability. We present a comprehensive study of four types of nanopillars that produce bacteriostatic action in 1 h contact time against Escherichia coli, likely due to mechanical stress. Nanopillars with different dimensions were generated by modulation of temperature and voltage during the anodization of aluminum alloy AA6063. The surfaces with different aluminum oxide nanostructures decreased E. coli viability by ∼47% on average vs smooth aluminum controls, demonstrating a robust and scalable approach to antibacterial nanostructured surfaces.
A series of 12 sampling localities in the Central America/central Mexico areas were surveyed for myxomycetes. From these surveys we report 761 records that corresponded to 68 morphospecies within 26 genera. Myxomycetes were recorded in both rural and urban settings and the majority of morphospecies correspond to commonly found taxa. Results pointed that the topics of urban ecology and island biogeography are interesting for myxomycete research. The island of Utila seems an interesting location for future myxomycete research. The importance of communicating the results contained herein resides in the fact that the Central American region has had few dedicated studies on myxomycetes and any piece of information is highly valuable at the moment.
Nanochitin is a nanoscale form of chitin—a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and some fungal cell walls—that is newly garnering significant attention in the pharmaceutical space. Its good properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and an easily adjustable surface, render it attractive for various medical and pharmaceutical applications. Nanochitin, from drug delivery systems and wound-care formulations to vaccine adjuvants and antimicrobial strategies, has demonstrated its strong potential in meeting diverse therapeutic needs. This review covers the background of nanochitin, including methods for its extraction and refining and its principal physicochemical and biological properties. It further discusses various hydrolysis and enzymatic approaches for the structural and functional characterization of nanochitin and highlights some pharmaceutical applications where this biopolymer has been studied. The review also addresses toxicity issues, regulatory matters, and challenges in large-scale industrial production. Finally, it underscores novel avenues of investigation and future opportunities, emphasizing the urgent requirement for standardized production methods, rigorous safety assessment, and interdisciplinary partnerships to maximize nanochitin’s potential in pharmaceutical research, demonstrating the importance of chitin in drug delivery.
El documento aborda la integración de la biorrefinería, nanotecnología y energía limpia como una solución sinérgica para promover la sostenibilidad. Se explora el uso de catalizadores nanométricos, sistemas de nanofiltración y nanosensores en biorrefinerías para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad de productos como biocombustibles y bioplásticos. Además, se destacan los beneficios ambientales y económicos de valorizar residuos agroindustriales y marinos, promoviendo la economía circular y reduciendo emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Finalmente, se discuten los desafíos de implementación, incluyendo la escalabilidad, regulación y aceptación pública, proponiendo la inversión en I+D y políticas públicas claras como estrategias clave para maximizar los beneficios de estas tecnologías en la transición hacia una economía sostenible y baja en carbono.
El documento aborda la integración de la biorrefinería, nanotecnología y energía limpia como una solución sinérgica para promover la sostenibilidad. Se explora el uso de catalizadores nanométricos, sistemas de nanofiltración y nanosensores en biorrefinerías para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad de productos como biocombustibles y bioplásticos. Además, se destacan los beneficios ambientales y económicos de valorizar residuos agroindustriales y marinos, promoviendo la economía circular y reduciendo emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Finalmente, se discuten los desafíos de implementación, incluyendo la escalabilidad, regulación y aceptación pública, proponiendo la inversión en I+D y políticas públicas claras como estrategias clave para maximizar los beneficios de estas tecnologías en la transición hacia una economía sostenible y baja en carbono.
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are produced in large quantities during coffee brewing, contributing to environmental concerns. Additionally, cationic dyes from textile, paper, and leather wastewater pose a major pollution issue. This study explores SCG as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye. A novel comparison of SCG cleaning methods with warm water, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-induced cavitation (US) is presented. In addition, the chemical modifications of SCG using acetylation, acid (HNO3), and base (KOH) treatment that have not been reported before are presented. ATR-FTIR confirmed the inclusion of functional groups, for example, the nitro group in SCG treated with HNO3, and an increase in carboxylic groups in the samples treated with KOH and HNO3. SEM analysis revealed a consistent porous texture across samples, with SCG-SFE, SCG-US, and SCG-HNO3 showing smaller pores, and SCG-ASE displaying elongated cavities. Adsorption isotherm tests followed the Freundlich and Langmuir models, indicating favorable adsorption. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) varied among cleaning methods from 65.69 mg/g (warm water) to 93.32 mg/g (SFE). In contrast, in base- and acid-treated SCG, a three- to four-fold increase in adsorption capacity was observed, with qmax values of 171.60 mg/g and 270.64 mg/g, respectively. These findings demonstrate that SCG washed with warm water and chemically treated achieves adsorption capacities comparable to other biosorbents reported in the literature. Therefore, SCG represents a promising, low-cost, and sustainable material for removing cationic dyes from wastewater, contributing to waste valorization and environmental protection.
Food packaging, often underestimated, plays a crucial role in the supply chain and our daily lives. During storage, distribution, and marketing, packaging must contain and protect food, communicate its characteristics, and present convenience to the consumer. Various packaging materials, mainly synthetic polymers derived from petroleum, are available. However, the growing concern about pollution and the environmental impact generated by this type of material drives us to rethink our choices, and the search for solutions has become more urgent than ever. This new book, Sustainable Food Packaging Materials and Technology, addresses one of the most pressing challenges of our era: how to preserve the quality, safety, and, in some cases, freshness of food with packaging based on sustainable materials that do not compromise the environment. Each chapter provides a technical analysis of materials and their application and presents a comprehensive overview of using available resources responsibly and creatively. Some chapters reveal the transformative potential of waste resources, from using by-products from the fishing industry to materials derived from agaves. The volume also explores the use of natural polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides in the design of packaging and coatings, highlighting their capacity to offer biodegradable solutions that can also be highly effective. Within polysaccharides, the book looks into the great potential offered by starch and cellulose, which, thanks to their versatility and properties, have become some of the most explored renewable materials in creating biodegradable packaging and coatings. An innovative aspect of this book is its emphasis on active biodegradable packaging and coatings, which integrate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties by utilizing agro-industrial waste. This convergence of sustainability and functionality offers an effective solution to combat food waste, a global challenge requiring immediate attentio
Food packaging, often underestimated, plays a crucial role in the supply chain and our daily lives. During storage, distribution, and marketing, packaging must contain and protect food, communicate its characteristics, and present convenience to the consumer. Various packaging materials, mainly synthetic polymers derived from petroleum, are available. However, the growing concern about pollution and the environmental impact generated by this type of material drives us to rethink our choices, and the search for solutions has become more urgent than ever. This new book, Sustainable Food Packaging Materials and Technology, addresses one of the most pressing challenges of our era: how to preserve the quality, safety, and, in some cases, freshness of food with packaging based on sustainable materials that do not compromise the environment. Each chapter provides a technical analysis of materials and their application and presents a comprehensive overview of using available resources responsibly and creatively. Some chapters reveal the transformative potential of waste resources, from using by-products from the fishing industry to materials derived from agaves. The volume also explores the use of natural polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides in the design of packaging and coatings, highlighting their capacity to offer biodegradable solutions that can also be highly effective. Within polysaccharides, the book looks into the great potential offered by starch and cellulose, which, thanks to their versatility and properties, have become some of the most explored renewable materials in creating biodegradable packaging and coatings. An innovative aspect of this book is its emphasis on active biodegradable packaging and coatings, which integrate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties by utilizing agro-industrial waste. This convergence of sustainability and functionality offers an effective solution to combat food waste, a global challenge requiring immediate attentio
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles which are less than 10 nm in size and are characterized by having modulable properties of luminescence and conductivity while presenting low toxicity, high water solubility, and biocompatibility, among others. These characteristics make them a good option for possible applications in the industrial, chemical, and biomedical fields. In this study, carbon quantum dots were synthesized using juices of seven different fruits as precursors. The syntheses are carried out by microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C, and reaction mixtures are purified by column chromatography, followed by characterization via absorbance, fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Comparison of relative concentration of CQDs after 2, 4, and 6 h of reaction show that the best quantum yield obtained (6.3 %) corresponds to the mandarin lime after 6 h pyrolysis (with excitation at 410 nm and maximum emission at 505 nm) with a 4.1 ± 0.8 nm particle size determined via transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized CQDs are shown to be usable in fluorescence bioimaging of Escherichia coli when excited at 450–490 nm, while few or no significant emission is observed at other excitation wavelengths (365 nm and 546 nm), which establishes complementarity and non-interference with other dyes that are used in bioimaging.
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles which are less than 10 nm in size and are characterized by having modulable properties of luminescence and conductivity while presenting low toxicity, high water solubility, and biocompatibility, among others. These characteristics make them a good option for possible applications in the industrial, chemical, and biomedical fields. In this study, carbon quantum dots were synthesized using juices of seven different fruits as precursors. The syntheses are carried out by microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C, and reaction mixtures are purified by column chromatography, followed by characterization via absorbance, fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Comparison of relative concentration of CQDs after 2, 4, and 6 h of reaction show that the best quantum yield obtained (6.3 %) corresponds to the mandarin lime after 6 h pyrolysis (with excitation at 410 nm and maximum emission at 505 nm) with a 4.1 ± 0.8 nm particle size determined via transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized CQDs are shown to be usable in fluorescence bioimaging of Escherichia coli when excited at 450–490 nm, while few or no significant emission is observed at other excitation wavelengths (365 nm and 546 nm), which establishes complementarity and non-interference with other dyes that are used in bioimaging.
Pineapple production in Costa Rica generates several wastes in the process. The use of these residual materials as additives is proposed. The pineapple stubble fibers were produced using accessible and low-cost processes (mechanical peeling, solar drying, and manual cutting), ensuring their viability in resource-limited contexts. Their technical characterization through FTIR, TGA, and SEM confirmed their compatibility and performance in asphalt mixtures. The results highlight significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the modified mixtures, including increased stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation under variable loading and temperature conditions. In addition, the environmental footprint was reduced by replacing synthetic fibers with a renewable agricultural residue. This comprehensive approach also promotes social benefits such as job creation, gender equity, and technology transfer, reinforcing the role of the construction industry as a key player in the circular economy. The findings position pineapple stubble as a sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable solution to reduce environmental impacts and improve material performance in road applications.
El edificio de la Fundación Louis Vuitton (LV), diseñado por Frank Gehry y ubicado en el Bois de Boulogne de París, es un ícono de la arquitectura contemporánea que combina arte, ingeniería y sostenibilidad. Este artículo explora el uso innovador de la madera en su construcción, destacando el empleo de madera laminada cruzada (CLT) y madera laminada encolada (Glulam). Se analizan las propiedades estructurales de este tipo de materiales, su contribución a la sostenibilidad y los posibles desafíos técnicos superados durante la construcción. Basado en una revisión de literatura científica y técnica, este trabajo demuestra cómo la madera -en términos generales- puede ser un material viable para proyectos arquitectónicos de alta gama, estableciendo un precedente para futuras construcciones.